![]() In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of Cancer, 3rd edn. Scott JD, Pawson T (2009) Cell signaling in space and time: where proteins come together and when they’re apart. Polo SE, Jackson SP (2011) Dynamics of DNA damage response proteins at DNA breaks: a focus on protein modifications. 5 Based on TargetP prediction, 6 NFU3 is located in the plastid. According to the Arabidopsis eFP browser, NFU3 is highly expressed in leaves, flowers, and early stage embryos (Fig. Good MC, Zalatan JG, Lim WA (2011) Scaffold proteins: hubs for controlling the flow of cellular information. Analysis of the NFU3-Cerulean Fluorescent Protein (CFP) fusion protein confirmed the chloroplast localization of NFU3. Giglia-Mari G, Zotter A, Vermeulen W (2011) DNA damage response. Trigger factor (TF) is a ribosome-associated chaperone in bacteria, and it is known to assist in the earliest stages of protein folding by preventing. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.īrown MD, Sacks DB (2009) Protein scaffolds in MAP kinase signaling. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The organization of signaling complexes on scaffold proteins is dynamic, and there is an order of assembly that may vary. Thus, there is a cellular need to organize pathways both in time and space, a role that is achieved by scaffold proteins. These molecules need to be organized into complexes that will affect timing, location, and even specificity and magnitude of a single response, such as to growth factors or protection against DNA damage, for example. We first considered the situation where basal phosphatase activity is high, making the cascade intrinsically difficult to activate. Thus, pathway components need to be partially preorganized so that signal transduction is not limited by the diffusion kinetics of individual molecules. Scaffold Proteins Amplify Signals That Are Attenuated in the Absence of a Scaffold. An individual cell has over one billion proteins, of which ten percent form part of signaling pathways and networks, and none of them is exclusive for a single pathway. ![]()
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